A momentum indicator (0–100) that shows whether a stock is overbought or oversold. Above 70 means the stock has risen fast and may cool down. Below 30 means it has fallen sharply and may bounce.

Tracks the relationship between two moving averages (12-day and 26-day EMA). When the MACD line crosses above the signal line, it's a bullish sign. When it crosses below, it's bearish.

The average closing price over the last 20 or 50 days. When the current price is above both MAs and MA20 is above MA50, the stock is in a strong uptrend. The reverse signals a downtrend.

Measures the strength of a trend — not its direction. ADX above 25 means a strong trend is in place. Below 20 means the stock is ranging (no clear direction). A rising ADX means the trend is strengthening.

Measures how much a stock moves on average each day. A high ATR means high volatility — bigger daily swings. Used to size stop-losses: a tighter stop doesn't make sense on a high-ATR stock.

Support is a price level where the stock has repeatedly found buyers (floor). Resistance is where sellers repeatedly appear (ceiling). When a resistance is broken, it often becomes the new support.

How many rupees you pay for every ₹1 of the company's annual earnings. A P/E of 20 means you pay ₹20 for ₹1 of profit. Compare it to the sector average — below sector P/E can mean undervalued, above can mean overvalued.

How efficiently a company generates profit from shareholders' money. ROE of 20% means the company earns ₹20 for every ₹100 of equity. Above 15% is generally considered good for Indian companies.

Similar to ROE but uses total capital (equity + debt). Shows how well the company uses all the money it has — including borrowed money. A good company should have ROCE above its borrowing cost.

How much debt the company carries relative to its own money. D/E of 1.0 means equal debt and equity. High D/E (above 2) can be risky — interest payments eat into profits, especially if earnings fall.

The company's net profit divided by the total number of shares. Growing EPS quarter-over-quarter means the company is becoming more profitable. Dividing the stock price by EPS gives you the P/E ratio.

The total market value of a company's shares (stock price × total shares). Large cap (₹20,000 Cr+) = stable. Mid cap (₹5,000–20,000 Cr) = growth potential. Small cap (below ₹5,000 Cr) = higher risk and reward.

The ratio of Put options traded to Call options traded. PCR above 1 means more traders are buying Puts (hedging against a fall) — can signal bearish sentiment OR extreme pessimism that often precedes a bounce. PCR below 0.7 can signal complacency.

The total number of outstanding (unsettled) options or futures contracts. Rising OI with rising price = new money entering on the long side (bullish). Rising OI with falling price = new short positions (bearish).

The price at which the maximum number of options contracts (both Puts and Calls) expire worthless — causing the most financial pain to option buyers. Historically, prices tend to drift toward max pain as expiry approaches.

Large foreign funds (pension funds, hedge funds, mutual funds) investing in Indian markets. FII buying usually signals confidence in India's economy. Sustained FII outflows can put downward pressure on the market.

Indian institutions — mutual funds, insurance companies, banks — investing in the market. DIIs often buy when FIIs sell, acting as a domestic stabiliser. Sustained DII buying in a dip can mean Indian funds see value.

The percentage of shares held by the founders and controlling family/group. High promoter holding (60%+) can mean strong founder conviction. Falling promoter holding (pledging or selling shares) can be a warning sign.

The percentage of a company's shares held by Indian mutual funds. Rising MF holding means professional Indian fund managers are accumulating. A stock in many mutual fund portfolios has wide institutional sponsorship.

A valuation method that estimates a stock's intrinsic value by forecasting future cash flows and discounting them to today's value. It answers: 'What is this company worth today if we account for all its future profits?'

The highest and lowest price a stock has traded at in the past year. Stocks near their 52W high are in strong momentum. Stocks near 52W lows may be value plays or value traps — fundamentals determine which.